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Resumen: El drenaje lumbar externo es un procedimiento invasivo de extracción de líquido cefalorraquídeo del espacio espinal cuyo uso se ha incrementado en los últimos años en el contexto de la medicina neurocrítica. Si bien no es recomendado por las guías o consensos internacionales, tiene un lugar en el manejo de algunas situaciones clínicas específicas vinculadas a diferentes tipos de neuroinjuria grave. Se realiza una revisión no sistemática de la literatura, a lo que se suma la experiencia de los autores. Se plantean las principales indicaciones actuales, se detallan las características de su manejo en los distintos escenarios clínicos y se señalan las contraindicaciones y complicaciones del procedimiento.
Summary: The placement of an external lumbar drainage (ELD), an invasive procedure to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal space, has gradually increased in practice in recent years within the context of neurocritical medicine. Despite it not being recommended by international guidelines or consensus, it is used for the handling of a few specific clinical situations in connection with different types of severe brain injury. The study consists of a non-systematic review of the literature, along with the authors' experience, presenting the main current indications and details for its handling in the different clinical scenarios and describing side effects and complications of the procedure.
Resumo: A drenagem lombar externa é um procedimento invasivo para extração do líquido cefalorraquidiano do espaço espinhal, cujo uso tem aumentado nos últimos anos no contexto da medicina neurocrítica. Embora não seja recomendado por consensos ou diretrizes internacionais, tem lugar no manejo de algumas situações clínicas específicas ligadas a diferentes tipos de dano neurológico grave. Realiza-se uma revisão não sistemática da literatura, à qual se soma a experiência dos autores. Apresentam-se as principais indicações atuais, detalham-se as características de seu manejo nos diferentes cenários clínicos e apontam-se as contraindicações e complicações do procedimento.
Subject(s)
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Drainage , Intracranial HypertensionABSTRACT
Objective To observe the incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) following aortic surgery in Fuwai Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and evaluate the effect of standardized multidisciplinary spinal cord protection strategies, to summarize the experience in the prevention and treatment of SCI at perioperative period of aortic surgery. Methods The clinical data of patients underwent aortic surgery admitted to vascular center of Fuwai Hospital from January 2011 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients receiving traditional spinal cord protection strategies from January 2011 to December 2016 were defined as the control group, while the patients receiving standardized multidisciplinary spinal cord protection strategies from January 2017 to December 2018 were defined as the standardized treatment group. The standardized multidisciplinary treatment included preoperative cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CSFD), respiratory tract management, and maintenance of effective circulation of the lowest venous pressure; at the same time, anticoagulation, glucocorticoid, improve microcirculation, scavenge oxygen free radicals and other adjuvant treatments were started, and nerve function was monitored to prevent complications. The changes in SCI incidence after aortic surgery between the two groups were observed in order to evaluate the effect of standardized multidisciplinary spinal cord protection strategies. Meanwhile, the types of SCI after operation and the safety of CSFD were analyzed. Results During the 8-year period, 7 724 patients underwent aortic surgery at vascular center of Fuwai Hospital, 64 of which suffered from SCI after aortic surgery with total incidence of 0.83%. The onset of SCI was immediate in 39 patients (60.94%) and was delayed in 25 patients (39.06%), more than half of patients were immediate SCI. Of 64 patients with SCI, 52 patients (81.25%) underwent paraplegia and 12 (18.75%) underwent paraparesis. SCI persisted beyond discharge in 38 patients (59.38%) and 25 patients (39.06%) fully or partly recovered form SCI. One patient (1.56%) died. Compared with the control group, the incidence of SCI was decreased significantly after application of standardized multidisciplinary spinal cord protection strategies. The total incidence of SCI after aortic surgery was decreased from 1.06% (52/4 893) to 0.42% (12/2 831), the incidence after aortic arch replacement under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was decreased from 3.66% (40/1 092) to 1.11% (5/450), and the incidence after thoraco-abdominal aortic replacement was decreased from 9.40% (11/117) to 2.47% (2/81) with statistically significant difference (all P < 0.05). Perioperative CSFD analysis showed that the incidence of CSFD-related complications was low, the overall incidence was 5.45% (3/55), including 1 patient of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, 2 patients of blood cerebrospinal fluid. No serious complications such as hemorrhage and infection of central nervous system occurred. Conclusions The main type of SCI after aortic surgery was immediate, about 39% SCI patients fully or partly recovered. Standardized multidisciplinary spinal cord protection strategies which included preoperative CSFD, reduced incidence of SCI after aortic surgery. The incidence of CSFD-related complications was low, which was safe and effective.
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A 76-year-old man who suffered from consistent back pain was admitted for anti-hypertensive therapy to strictly manage the early thrombosed acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD). On admission, his blood pressure could not be controlled well ; soon he complained of recurrent severe back pain. The second thoracoabdominal enhanced computed tomography revealed the progression of AAAD from DeBakey type II to type I with thrombosed pseudolumen at the descending thoracic aorta ; therefore, emergent surgical intervention by primary central repair was conducted. Paraplegia was diagnosed eight hours after surgery, then cerebrospinal fluid drainage and intravenous administration of Naloxone were started immediately followed by keeping the systemic blood pressure more than 120 mmHg. However, paraplegia had never improved and been persistent with neurological deficit of the lower extremities. We herein report a complicated surgical case of an AAAD patient with paraplegia and review the complex clinical settings.
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Objective To investigate the value of cerebrospinal fluid drainage after aneurysm clipping in patients with intracranial aneurysm complicated with subarachnoid hemorrhage .Methods 84 intracranial aneurysms patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage were selected ,and they were randomly divided into study group (n =42) and control group (n =42).The control group used simple suture after aneurysm clipping ,the study group was given lumbar cistern drainage by implementation of the dural suture tube after aneurysm clipping .Before and after hydro-cephalus and cerebral vasospasm ,treatment changes of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) levels were compared between the two groups .Results The incidence rate of hydrocephalus of the study gruop was 4.8%,which was significantly lower than the 14.3% of the control group (χ2 =9.743,P <0.05).The incidence rate of cerebral vasospasm of the study group was 7.1%,which was significantly lower than 19.0% of the control group (χ2 =11.802,P <0.05).The incidence rates of intracranial infection,cerebrospinal fluid leakage and other complications between the two groups had no statistically significant differences (χ2 =2.074,2.125,all P >0.05).The serum levels of IGF-1 and sVCAM-1 between the two groups had no statistically significant differences before operation (t =0.417,0.603,all P >0.05).At the 8th day after oper-ation,the serum levels of sVCAM-1 and IGF-1 of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group (t =7.335,6.856,all P <0.05).Conclusion After aneurysm clipping,the lumbar cistern drainage tube drainage is beneficial to reduce hydrocephalus and cerebral vasospasm incidence ,inhibit the expression of serum IGF-1,sVCAM-1,with less adverse reactions,it is worthy of application.
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Objective To sum up nursing experience of cerebrospinal fluid drainage in patients with aortic dissection with paraplegia after sun′s operation. Methods Retrospective analysis of 17 cases of clinical nursing care from January 2014 to December 2016, summing up related nursing experience includingintensive care of cerebrospinal fluid drainage, observation of limb movement and muscle strength, monitoring complications, maintain stable hemodynamics, strengthen the life nursing during hospitalization, in order to ensure the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. Results 2 deaths, Recovery of different degrees of paraplegia or paresis in 12 and persistent paraplegia in 12 out of the other 15 patients, 9 patients recovered and discharged,6 cases transferred to rehabilitation hospital. Conclusions Careful nursing of cerebrospinal fluid drainage can improve paraplegia or lower extremity paresis caused by spinal cord ischemia,and promote patients′rehabilitation.
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Objective To identify the risk factors for postoperative spinal cord injury in Stanford type A aortic dissection patients.Methods 210 Stanford type A aortic dissection(TAAD) patients underwent Sun's procedure in Beijing Aortic Disease Center during July 2014 to March 2015.14 patients had spinal cord injury after surgery.Clinical data and computed tomography angiography(CTA) imaging of aorta were retrospectively analyzed and multi-logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for spinal cord injury post operation.Results 14 out of 210(6.7％) patients had transient or permanent spinal cord injury after surgery.Univariate analysis showed only false lumen derived intercostal arteries at eighth thoracic vertebral level (T8) to first lumbar vertebral level (L1) was significantly associated with post-surgery spinal cord injury (P =0.000).Multi-logistic regression analysis showed that false lumen derived intercostal arteries (P =0.000) and age (P =0.016) were significantly associated with postoperative spinal cord injury.Conclusion Major intercostal arteries derived from false lumen and rapid thrombogenesis in false lumen are the major risk factors for postoperative spinal cord injury in Stanford type A aortic dissection patients.
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Objective To evaluate the impact of cerebrospinal fluid drain(CSFD) on the incidence of acute spinal cord injury(SCI) following extensive TAAA repair.Methods From February 2009 to July 2016,153 patients underwent extensive TAAA repairs with a consistent strategy of normal thermia,non-circulatory bypass,sequential aortic cross clamping,aortic-lilac bypass,and intercostal artery reconstruction.The repairs were performed with preoperative CSFD (n =78) or without CSFD (n =75).In the former group,CSFD was inserted after the patient has been anaesthetized and continued for 72 hours after surgery.The target CSF pressure was 10 mmHg or less.Results The mean age of patients was (38 ± 10) years and 108 (70.6％) were male.There were 87 (53.8％) patients with previous aortic surgeries and 33 (22％) with Marfan syndrome.The two groups had similar risk factors for paraplegia.Aortic clamp time,operation time and number of reattached intercostal arteries were similar in both groups.In-hospital mortality rates were 1.3％ (one patient) and 6.7％ (five patients) for CSFD and the group without CSFD,respectively (P =0.086).Ten patients (13.3 ％) in the group without CSFD had paraplegia develop.In contrast,only two patients in the CSFD group(2.6％) had postoperative paraplegia(P =0.013).Stepwise logistic regression analysis identified CSFD had spinal cord protection,P =0.026;OR =0.171;95％ CI:0.036-0.809).No patients occurred CSF catheter related complications.Conclusion This randomized clinical trial showed that preoperative CSFD placement could be an effective strategy in preventing SCI following extensive aortic aneurysm repair.Care should be taken to prevent complications related to overdrainage.
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Objective To explore the morbidity and possible mechanism of spinal cord ischemia (SCI) after infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (IAAA) endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods We retrospectively analyzed the intraoperative hypogastric artery occlusion and postoperative SCI of 400 patients who received EVAR in the Departments of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of Shanghai Changhai Hospital and Changzheng Hospital from January 2008 to October 2014. The morbidity and possible mechanism of SCI after EVAR were analyzed while combining the existing literatures. Results Bilateral hypogastric arteries were obstructed during operation in 60 patients (unilateral hypogastric artery aneurysms were embolized by spring coil in 8 cases); unilateral hypogastric arteries was obstructed in 70 patients (unilateral hypogastric artery aneurysms were partially embolized by spring coil in 10 cases). Postoperatively 2 cases had acute lower limb artery ischemia, 1 had acute SCI, and 1 had chronic lower limb lameness(> 3 months). The incidence of SCI was 0. 25% (1/400). Existing literatures showed that the incidence of SCI following EVAR was 0. 21%-0. 38%, and only 1 of the 14 cases with SCI was thought to be associated with the hypogastric artery— interruption. Conclusion SCI is a very rare postoperative complication of EVAR, with the mechanism remaining unknown. The occlusion of hypogastric artery may play a part, but existing literatures suggest a noncore role. In addition to ischemia caused by SCI and embolization, the perioperative general condition of patients also needs to be taken into consideration.
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage is a routinely used adjunct to thoracoabdominal aortic surgery which may reduce the incidence of preoperative paraplegia by improving spinal cord perfusion. However, this procedure infrequently causes complications. Bloody or bloody-tinged CSF may be associated with intracranial or spinal hematoma. We present herein a case of bloody CSF during the replacement of the descending thoracic aorta.
Subject(s)
Aorta, Thoracic , Drainage , Hematoma , Incidence , Paraplegia , Perfusion , Spinal CordABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Headache is a common complication of lumbar puncture (LP). Although in most cases post-LP headaches are not severe and have a benign course, they can also be a manifestation of a potentially life-threatening complication such as subdural hematoma (SDH). CASE REPORT: We describe a patient in whom a massive SDH developed after LP and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, which were performed during the diagnostic evaluation of freezing of gait. CONCLUSIONS: SDH should not be excluded from the differential diagnosis of headache following LP, especially when there is a loss of CSF.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diagnosis, Differential , Drainage , Freezing , Gait , Headache , Hematoma, Subdural , Hematoma, Subdural, Acute , Spinal PunctureABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Hydrocephalus and vasospasm are the common complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In spite of development of perioperative management and operative technique, hydrocephalus and vasospasm are the causes of the neurological deficit and poor prognosis. This study was designed to investigate whether the frequency of a shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in patient suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia can be related to the duration and amount of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and medical history. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of consecutive 96 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was made from January 2000 to December 2002. Eighty one of these patients underwent the procedure for CSF drainage and 15 patients did not. 81 patients with aneurysmal SAH were divided into two groups which underwent shunt procedure and did not. In these two groups, we investigated and compared the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and ischemia according to age, sex, aneurysmal site, H-H grade, Fisher grade, medical history and the amout of CSF drainage. RESULTS: The incidence of hydrocephalus following SAH was 53.1% and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was 16.7% in 96 patients. The duration, total volume, and daily volume of CSF drainage were 6.9+/-3.3 days, 1542.3+/-982.5 ml, and 211.5+/-49.2 ml, respectively. The relationship between the daily volume of CSF drainage and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was determined to to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Cerebral infarction and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus were found to be statistically associated (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The continous drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in patients of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage increase chance of delayed hydrocephalus and they have not shown decrease cerebral infarction as a result of vasospasm.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aneurysm , Brain Ischemia , Cerebral Infarction , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Drainage , Hydrocephalus , Incidence , Ischemia , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Subarachnoid HemorrhageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Hydrocephalus and vasospasm are the common complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In spite of development of perioperative management and operative technique, hydrocephalus and vasospasm are the causes of the neurological deficit and poor prognosis. This study was designed to investigate whether the frequency of a shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in patient suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia can be related to the duration and amount of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and medical history. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of consecutive 96 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was made from January 2000 to December 2002. Eighty one of these patients underwent the procedure for CSF drainage and 15 patients did not. 81 patients with aneurysmal SAH were divided into two groups which underwent shunt procedure and did not. In these two groups, we investigated and compared the incidence of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus and ischemia according to age, sex, aneurysmal site, H-H grade, Fisher grade, medical history and the amout of CSF drainage. RESULTS: The incidence of hydrocephalus following SAH was 53.1% and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was 16.7% in 96 patients. The duration, total volume, and daily volume of CSF drainage were 6.9+/-3.3 days, 1542.3+/-982.5 ml, and 211.5+/-49.2 ml, respectively. The relationship between the daily volume of CSF drainage and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus was determined to to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Cerebral infarction and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus were found to be statistically associated (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The continous drainage of cerebrospinal fluid in patients of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage increase chance of delayed hydrocephalus and they have not shown decrease cerebral infarction as a result of vasospasm.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aneurysm , Brain Ischemia , Cerebral Infarction , Cerebrospinal Fluid , Drainage , Hydrocephalus , Incidence , Ischemia , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Subarachnoid HemorrhageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to clarify the value of the programmable valve shunt system to readjust the pressure noninvasively for the adequate cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) drainage. METHODS: The authors analyzed a single-center retrospective study of 54 patients suffering from hydrocephalus of various causes, as aneurysm(21 patients), trauma(13 patients), normal-pressure hydrocephalus(NPH, 7 patients) and so on. In 51 cases a programmable valve was implanted at the first shunt implantation. In three cases the shunt was replaced to a programmable valve system. RESULTS: In 33 patients(61%) of cases valve pressure adjustment was required at least once(total number of readjustment 54, mean 1.7, maximum 5) for the reason of underdrainage(36) or overdrainge(18). The range of reprogrammed valve pressure was 10 to 90mmH2O(mean 11.1+/-15.9mmH2O), the radiological finding improved 48.6% of frontal horn index at the beginning of reprogramming to 41.3%, and the clinical symptom related with hydrocephalus improved in 29 patients(87.8%) of pressure adjustment. Shunt reprogramming was necessary in patients with congenital hydrocephalus(100%), aneurysm(55%), NPH(71%), trauma(50%); the programmable valve proved particularly beneficial for overdrainge as subdural hygroma. CONCLUSION: The programmable valve was useful for the correction of overdrainge or underdrainage by the easy control of valve pressure without any invasive procedure.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Drainage , Horns , Hydrocephalus , Retrospective Studies , Subdural EffusionABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of needed shunt surgeries in 514 patients who underwent surgery for a ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The patients were consisted of 207 patients who were treated from 1986 to 1988(historical control group) and 307 patients treated from 1994 to 1996(study group). In the study group, an earlier aneurysm surgery and more frequent use of adjunctive procedures applied(lumbar and cisternal drainage, and opening of the lamina terminalis and the Liliequist membrane) compared to the control group(p<0.005). Twent-one patients(6.8%) required shunt operations in the study group, while it was necessary in 32 patients(15.5%) of the control group(p<0.005). However, occurrence of a hydrocephalus in both groups were similar. It is concluded that the frequency of a shunt operation has been decreased in the study group presumably due to an earlier surgical intervention, and an aggressive drainage of the bloody cerebrospinal fluid from the cisterns and the ventricles during or after an aneurysm surgery.